Recommended Reading: "Night," by Elie Wiesel

You cannot read this book and not ask the question: Why? Not just, Why did this happen? (in part, we know: evil men do evil deeds) but, Why did people let this happen? And not just people. The Jews themselves. Why didn't they rise up, fight, resist, before these great horrors could be realized? 

On page 11, Mr. Wiesel writes about how the Jews of Sighet, Transylvania, were ordered to wear the yellow star, and his father, a well-respected member of the community, tried to calm the fears of the community by saying that it was not all bleak. "The yellow star? So what? It's not lethal." 

Shortly thereafter, the members of the community were sealed off from the rest of Sighet in two ghettos from which they were not permitted to leave. This is not right. This is not normal. Why didn't they fight, resist? Instead, they tried to live their lives as normally as possible. "The barbed wire that encircled us like a wall did not fill us with real fear. In fact, we felt this was not a bad thing; we were entirely among ourselves." 

Even worse: "People thought this was a good thing. We would no longer have to look at those hostile faces, endure those hate-filled stares. No more fear. No more anguish. We would live among Jews, among brothers."

In the margin on page 11, I wrote: Why didn't they revolt? Why passively comply?

On page 12, Wiesel answers: "Most people thought that we would remain in the ghetto until the end of the war, until the arrival of the Red Army. Afterward everything would be as before. The ghetto was ruled by neither German nor Jew; it was ruled by delusion." 

Yes, delusion. 

Later, he described his family's preparation for transport (by cattle car) to the concentration camps: "It was already four o'clock in the morning. My father was running right and left, exhausted, consoling friends, checking with the Jewish Council just in case the order had been rescinded. To the last moment, people clung to hope." 

Yes, that's it. Hope. Earlier in the book, referring to the spring of 1944, before the Germans arrived in Hungary, he explains:

The trees were in bloom. It was a year like so many others, with its spring, its engagements, its weddings, and its births. The people were saying, "The Red Army is advancing with giant strides . . . Hitler will not be able to harm us, even if he wants to . . ."

Yes, we even doubted his resolve to exterminate us. Annihilate an entire people? Wipe out a population dispersed throughout so many nations? So many millions of people! By what means? In the middle of the twentieth century?

The idea was absurd, so absurd that even as they were surrounded and isolated and tagged and rounded up and herded like animals and stuffed inhumanely into cattle cars, carrying their belongings, they clung to hope. Just a temporary inconvenience, it will be over soon and things will go back to the way they were.

My signed copy (a gift from my brother)

It wasn't until they stepped off the cattle cars (that first "journey" itself was torture) at Auschwitz and saw the fires and smelled the burning flesh that they understood: "The beloved objects that we had carried with us from place to place were now left behind in the wagon and, with them, finally, our illusions."

Meanwhile, the world "remained silent." That was the name of the book in its Yiddish iteration: And the World Remained Silent. 

You read the rest of the book wondering how he, how anyone, survived. Any one of these experiences would be enough to kill: starvation, illness, bitter cold, infections, sores, bacteria, beatings, physical labor, the arbitrary "selection" process sending some to the crematoria. Even at the end, as the war neared its end and the liberators were closing in and the camps were being evacuated and the prisoners were rounded up and made to run to the next camp. Running, running, running for miles and miles in the bitter cold, the driving snow, running in pitch darkness, goaded along by SS guards who called them "filthy dogs" and shot anyone who stumbled; this was pure senseless torture, forced to run for miles, some of them barefoot, all of them starved but given no food, no water. Elie Wiesel himself had an infected foot, recently operated on. How did he survive? His father, up until that point, was still alive, though barely. Wiesel describes how, after arriving at last in Buchenwald, many many more would die simply by lying in the snow and falling asleep. He himself welcomed the idea of sleep, of death, of feeling nothing. He resisted, thinking of his father.

His father died there in Buchenwald on January 28, 1945, and the camp was liberated three months later on April 11. Even after liberation, Elie nearly died of what he said was a form of poisoning. But somehow he survived, along with thousands and thousands of others who suffered similar horrors: men, women, children. 

Their bodies survived, but did their faith? I'm not sure. Before the camps, Wiesel had been a pious Jew, but very early in the book, he tells of losing his faith. It was before death and dying had become commonplace, and someone began reciting Kaddish for those who had died in the crematoria. "For the first time, I felt an anger rising within me. Why should I sanctify His name? The Almighty, the eternal and terrible Master of the Universe, chose to be silent. What was there to thank him for?" 

I don't know if Elie Wiesel ever returned to his faith, if he ever resolved the contradiction between Almighty God acquiescing to Undiluted Evil, but here he is, speaking with Oprah Winfrey, about the afterlife. He obviously believes in an afterlife and genuinely expects to see his parents and his younger sister, who perished in the concentration camps, again someday.